Picolinamides as fungicides

ABSTRACT

This disclosure relates to picolinamides of Formula I and their use as fungicides.

BACKGROUND & SUMMARY

Fungicides are compounds, of natural or synthetic origin, which act to protect and/or cure plants against damage caused by agriculturally relevant fungi. Generally, no single fungicide is useful in all situations. Consequently, research is ongoing to produce fungicides that may have better performance, are easier to use, and cost less.

The present disclosure relates to picolinamides and their use as fungicides. The compounds of the present disclosure may offer protection against ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes and oomycetes.

One embodiment of the present disclosure may include compounds of Formula I:

wherein

X is hydrogen or C(O)R₅;

Y is hydrogen, C(O)R₅, or Q;

Q is

wherein W═O, S

R₁ and R₁₁ are independently chosen from hydrogen or alkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈, alternatively, R₁ and R₁₁ may be taken together to form a 3-6 membered saturated or partially saturated carbocycle or heterocycle, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈;

R₂ and R₁₂ are hydrogen or methyl;

R₃ is aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈;

Z is S(O)_(n), wherein n=0, 1, or 2;

R₄ is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or acyl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈;

R₅ is alkoxy or benzyloxy, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈;

R₆ is hydrogen, alkoxy, or halo, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈;

R₇ is hydrogen, —C(O)R₉, or —CH₂OC(O)R₉;

R₈ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, halo, alkenyl, alkoxy, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₁₀;

R₉ is alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈;

R₁₀ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, halo, alkenyl, alkoxy, or heterocyclyl.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure may include a fungicidal composition for the control or prevention of fungal attack comprising the compounds described above and a phytologically acceptable carrier material.

Yet another embodiment of the present disclosure may include a method for the control or prevention of fungal attack on a plant, the method including the steps of applying a fungicidally effective amount of one or more of the compounds described above to at least one of the fungus, the plant, and an area adjacent to the plant.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the following terms may include generic “R”-groups within their definitions, e.g., “the term alkoxy refers to an —OR substituent”. It is also understood that within the definitions for the following terms, these “R” groups are included for illustration purposes and should not be construed as limiting or being limited by substitutions about Formula I.

The term “alkyl” refers to a branched, unbranched, or saturated cyclic carbon chain, including, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a branched, unbranched or cyclic carbon chain containing one or more double bonds including, but not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, isopropenyl, isobutenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and the like.

The terms “aryl” and “Ar” refer to any aromatic ring, mono- or bi-cyclic, containing 0 heteroatoms.

The term “heterocyclyl” refers to any aromatic or non-aromatic ring, mono- or bi-cyclic, containing one or more heteroatoms

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —OR substituent.

The term “hydroxyl” refers to a —OH substituent.

The term “amino” refers to an —N(R)₂ substituent.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to one or more halogen atoms, defined as F, Cl, Br, and I.

The term “nitro” refers to a —NO₂ substituent.

The term thioalkyl refers to a —SR substituent.

Throughout the disclosure, reference to the compounds of Formula I is read as also including all stereoisomers, for example diastereomers, enantiomers, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, Formula (I) is read as also including salts or hydrates thereof. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited to: hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, trifluoroacetate, and trifluoromethane sulfonate.

It is also understood by those skilled in the art that additional substitution is allowable, unless otherwise noted, as long as the rules of chemical bonding and strain energy are satisfied and the product still exhibits fungicidal activity.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a use of a compound of Formula I, for protection of a plant against attack by a phytopathogenic organism or the treatment of a plant infested by a phytopathogenic organism, comprising the application of a compound of Formula I, or a composition comprising the compound to soil, a plant, a part of a plant, foliage, and/or roots.

Additionally, another embodiment of the present disclosure is a composition useful for protecting a plant against attack by a phytopathogenic organism and/or treatment of a plant infested by a phytopathogenic organism comprising a compound of Formula I and a phytologically acceptable carrier material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The compounds of the present disclosure may be applied by any of a variety of known techniques, either as the compounds or as formulations comprising the compounds. For example, the compounds may be applied to the roots or foliage of plants for the control of various fungi, without damaging the commercial value of the plants. The materials may be applied in the form of any of the generally used formulation types, for example, as solutions, dusts, wettable powders, flowable concentrate, or emulsifiable concentrates.

Preferably, the compounds of the present disclosure are applied in the form of a formulation, comprising one or more of the compounds of Formula I with a phytologically acceptable carrier. Concentrated formulations may be dispersed in water, or other liquids, for application, or formulations may be dust-like or granular, which may then be applied without further treatment. The formulations can be prepared according to procedures that are conventional in the agricultural chemical art.

The present disclosure contemplates all vehicles by which one or more of the compounds may be formulated for delivery and used as a fungicide. Typically, formulations are applied as aqueous suspensions or emulsions. Such suspensions or emulsions may be produced from water-soluble, water-suspendable, or emulsifiable formulations which are solids, usually known as wettable powders; or liquids, usually known as emulsifiable concentrates, aqueous suspensions, or suspension concentrates. As will be readily appreciated, any material to which these compounds may be added may be used, provided it yields the desired utility without significant interference with the activity of these compounds as antifungal agents.

Wettable powders, which may be compacted to form water-dispersible granules, comprise an intimate mixture of one or more of the compounds of Formula I, an inert carrier and surfactants. The concentration of the compound in the wettable powder may be from about 10 percent to about 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of the wettable powder, more preferably about 25 weight percent to about 75 weight percent. In the preparation of wettable powder formulations, the compounds may be compounded with any finely divided solid, such as prophyllite, talc, chalk, gypsum, Fuller's earth, bentonite, attapulgite, starch, casein, gluten, montmorillonite clays, diatomaceous earths, purified silicates or the like. In such operations, the finely divided carrier and surfactants are typically blended with the compound(s) and milled.

Emulsifiable concentrates of the compounds of Formula I may comprise a convenient concentration, such as from about 1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the compound, in a suitable liquid, based on the total weight of the concentrate. The compounds may be dissolved in an inert carrier, which is either a water-miscible solvent or a mixture of water-immiscible organic solvents, and emulsifiers. The concentrates may be diluted with water and oil to form spray mixtures in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. Useful organic solvents include aromatics, especially the high-boiling naphthalenic and olefinic portions of petroleum such as heavy aromatic naphtha. Other organic solvents may also be used, for example, terpenic solvents, including rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones, such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols, such as 2-ethoxyethanol.

Emulsifiers which may be advantageously employed herein may be readily determined by those skilled in the art and include various nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric emulsifiers, or a blend of two or more emulsifiers. Examples of nonionic emulsifiers useful in preparing the emulsifiable concentrates include the polyalkylene glycol ethers and condensation products of alkyl and aryl phenols, aliphatic alcohols, aliphatic amines or fatty acids with ethylene oxide, propylene oxides such as the ethoxylated alkyl phenols and carboxylic esters solubilized with the polyol or polyoxyalkylene. Cationic emulsifiers include quaternary ammonium compounds and fatty amine salts. Anionic emulsifiers include the oil-soluble salts (e.g., calcium) of alkylaryl sulphonic acids, oil-soluble salts or sulfated polyglycol ethers and appropriate salts of phosphated polyglycol ether.

Representative organic liquids which may be employed in preparing the emulsifiable concentrates of the compounds of the present disclosure are the aromatic liquids such as xylene, propyl benzene fractions; or mixed naphthalene fractions, mineral oils, substituted aromatic organic liquids such as dioctyl phthalate; kerosene; dialkyl amides of various fatty acids, particularly the dimethyl amides of fatty glycols and glycol derivatives such as the n-butyl ether, ethyl ether or methyl ether of diethylene glycol, the methyl ether of triethylene glycol, petroleum fractions or hydrocarbons such as mineral oil, aromatic solvents, paraffinic oils, and the like; vegetable oils such as soy bean oil, rape seed oil, olive oil, castor oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, tung oil and the like; esters of the above vegetable oils; and the like. Mixtures of two or more organic liquids may also be employed in the preparation of the emulsifiable concentrate. Organic liquids include xylene, and propyl benzene fractions, with xylene being most preferred in some cases. Surface-active dispersing agents are typically employed in liquid formulations and in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 percent by weight based on the combined weight of the dispersing agent with one or more of the compounds. The formulations can also contain other compatible additives, for example, plant growth regulators and other biologically active compounds used in agriculture.

Aqueous suspensions comprise suspensions of one or more water-insoluble compounds of Formula I, dispersed in an aqueous vehicle at a concentration in the range from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the aqueous suspension. Suspensions are prepared by finely grinding one or more of the compounds, and vigorously mixing the ground material into a vehicle comprised of water and surfactants chosen from the same types discussed above. Other components, such as inorganic salts and synthetic or natural gums, may also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous vehicle.

The compounds of Formula I can also be applied as granular formulations, which are particularly useful for applications to the soil. Granular formulations generally contain from about 0.5 to about 10 weight percent, based on the total weight of the granular formulation of the compound(s), dispersed in an inert carrier which consists entirely or in large part of coarsely divided inert material such as attapulgite, bentonite, diatomite, clay or a similar inexpensive substance. Such formulations are usually prepared by dissolving the compounds in a suitable solvent and applying it to a granular carrier which has been preformed to the appropriate particle size, in the range of from about 0.5 to about 3 mm. A suitable solvent is a solvent in which the compound is substantially or completely soluble. Such formulations may also be prepared by making a dough or paste of the carrier and the compound and solvent, and crushing and drying to obtain the desired granular particle.

Dusts containing the compounds of Formula I may be prepared by intimately mixing one or more of the compounds in powdered form with a suitable dusty agricultural carrier, such as, for example, kaolin clay, ground volcanic rock, and the like. Dusts can suitably contain from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of the compounds, based on the total weight of the dust.

The formulations may additionally contain adjuvant surfactants to enhance deposition, wetting, and penetration of the compounds onto the target crop and organism. These adjuvant surfactants may optionally be employed as a component of the formulation or as a tank mix. The amount of adjuvant surfactant will typically vary from 0.01 to 1.0 percent by volume, based on a spray-volume of water, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 volume percent. Suitable adjuvant surfactants include, but are not limited to ethoxylated nonyl phenols, ethoxylated synthetic or natural alcohols, salts of the esters or sulphosuccinic acids, ethoxylated organosilicones, ethoxylated fatty amines, blends of surfactants with mineral or vegetable oils, crop oil concentrate (mineral oil (85%)+emulsifiers (15%)); nonylphenol ethoxylate; benzylcocoalkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium salt; blend of petroleum hydrocarbon, alkyl esters, organic acid, and anionic surfactant; C₉-C₁₁ alkylpolyglycoside; phosphated alcohol ethoxylate; natural primary alcohol (C₁₂-C₁₆) ethoxylate; di-sec-butylphenol EO-PO block copolymer; polysiloxane-methyl cap; nonylphenol ethoxylate+urea ammonium nitrate; emulsified methylated seed oil; tridecyl alcohol (synthetic) ethoxylate (8EO); tallow amine ethoxylate (15 EO); PEG(400) dioleate-99. The formulations may also include oil-in-water emulsions such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/495,228, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

The formulations may optionally include combinations that contain other pesticidal compounds. Such additional pesticidal compounds may be fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, nematocides, miticides, arthropodicides, bactericides or combinations thereof that are compatible with the compounds of the present disclosure in the medium selected for application, and not antagonistic to the activity of the present compounds. Accordingly, in such embodiments, the other pesticidal compound is employed as a supplemental toxicant for the same or for a different pesticidal use. The compounds of Formula I and the pesticidal compound in the combination can generally be present in a weight ratio of from 1:100 to 100:1.

The compounds of the present disclosure may also be combined with other fungicides to form fungicidal mixtures and synergistic mixtures thereof. The fungicidal compounds of the present disclosure are often applied in conjunction with one or more other fungicides to control a wider variety of undesirable diseases. When used in conjunction with other fungicide(s), the presently claimed compounds may be formulated with the other fungicide(s), tank-mixed with the other fungicide(s) or applied sequentially with the other fungicide(s). Such other fungicides may include 2-(thiocyanatomethylthio)-benzothiazole, 2-phenylphenol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, ametoctradin, amisulbrom, antimycin, Ampelomyces quisqualis, azaconazole, azoxystrobin, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus subtilis strain QST713, benalaxyl, benomyl, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl, benzovindiflupyr benzylaminobenzene-sulfonate (BABS) salt, bicarbonates, biphenyl, bismerthiazol, bitertanol, bixafen, blasticidin-S, borax, Bordeaux mixture, boscalid, bromuconazole, bupirimate, calcium polysulfide, captafol, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, carpropamid, carvone, chlazafenone, chloroneb, chlorothalonil, chlozolinate, Coniothyrium minitans, copper hydroxide, copper octanoate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, copper sulfate (tribasic), cuprous oxide, cyazofamid, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, dazomet, debacarb, diammonium ethylenebis-(dithiocarbamate), dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, diclocymet, diclomezine, dichloran, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, difenzoquat ion, diflumetorim, dimethomorph, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinobuton, dinocap, diphenylamine, dithianon, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dodine, dodine free base, edifenphos, enestrobin, enestroburin, epoxiconazole, ethaboxam, ethoxyquin, etridiazole, famoxadone, fenamidone, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, fenfuram, fenhexamid, fenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpropidin, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin, fentin acetate, fentin hydroxide, ferbam, ferimzone, fluazinam, fludioxonil, flumorph, fluopicolide, fluopyram, fluoroimide, fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, flutianil, flutolanil, flutriafol, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminium, fuberidazole, furalaxyl, furametpyr, guazatine, guazatine acetates, GY-81, hexachlorobenzene, hexaconazole, hymexazol, imazalil, imazalil sulfate, imibenconazole, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesilate), iodocarb, ipconazole, ipfenpyrazolone, iprobenfos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, isotianil, kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, kresoxim-methyl, laminarin, mancopper, mancozeb, mandipropamid, maneb, mefenoxam, mepanipyrim, mepronil, meptyl-dinocap, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M, metam, metam-ammonium, metam-potassium, metam-sodium, metconazole, methasulfocarb, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, metiram, metominostrobin, metrafenone, mildiomycin, myclobutanil, nabam, nitrothal-isopropyl, nuarimol, octhilinone, ofurace, oleic acid (fatty acids), orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxine-copper, oxpoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxin, pefurazoate, penconazole, pencycuron, penflufen, pentachlorophenol, pentachlorophenyl laurate, penthiopyrad, phenylmercury acetate, phosphonic acid, phthalide, picoxystrobin, polyoxin B, polyoxins, polyoxorim, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate, probenazole, prochloraz, procymidone, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, propiconazole, propineb, proquinazid, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyraoxystrobin, pyrazophos, pyribencarb, pyributicarb, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyriofenone, pyroquilon, quinoclamine, quinoxyfen, quintozene, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract, sedaxane, silthiofam, simeconazole, sodium 2-phenylphenoxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, spiroxamine, sulfur, SYP-Z048, tar oils, tebuconazole, tebufloquin, tecnazene, tetraconazole, thiabendazole, thifluzamide, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tiadinil, tolclofos-methyl, tolylfluanid, triadimefon, triadimenol, triazoxide, tricyclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, triticonazole, validamycin, valifenalate, valiphenal, vinclozolin, zineb, ziram, zoxamide, Candida oleophila, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium spp., Phlebiopsis gigantea, Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma spp., (RS)—N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-succinimide, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone hydrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitronaphthalene, 1-chloro-2-nitropropane, 2-(2-heptadecyl-2-imidazolin-1-yl)ethanol, 2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1,4-dithi-ine 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide, 2-methoxyethylmercury acetate, 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-methoxyethylmercury silicate, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine, 4-(2-nitroprop-1-enyl)phenyl thiocyanateme, ampropylfos, anilazine, azithiram, barium polysulfide, Bayer 32394, benodanil, benquinox, bentaluron, benzamacril; benzamacril-isobutyl, benzamorf, binapacryl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bis(tributyltin) oxide, buthiobate, cadmium calcium copper zinc chromate sulfate, carbamorph, CECA, chlobenthiazone, chloraniformethan, chlorfenazole, chlorquinox, climbazole, copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate), copper zinc chromate, cufraneb, cupric hydrazinium sulfate, cuprobam, cyclafuramid, cypendazole, cyprofuram, decafentin, dichlone, dichlozoline, diclobutrazol, dimethirimol, dinocton, dinosulfon, dinoterbon, dipyrithione, ditalimfos, dodicin, drazoxolon, EBP, ESBP, etaconazole, etem, ethirim, fenaminosulf, fenapanil, fenitropan, fluotrimazole, furcarbanil, furconazole, furconazole-cis, furmecyclox, furophanate, glyodine, griseofulvin, halacrinate, Hercules 3944, hexylthiofos, ICIA0858, isopamphos, isovaledione, mebenil, mecarbinzid, metazoxolon, methfuroxam, methylmercury dicyandiamide, metsulfovax, milneb, mucochloric anhydride, myclozolin, N-3,5-dichlorophenyl-succinimide, N-3-nitrophenylitaconimide, natamycin, N-ethylmercurio-4-toluenesulfonanilide, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), OCH, phenylmercury dimethyldithiocarbamate, phenylmercury nitrate, phosdiphen, prothiocarb; prothiocarb hydrochloride, pyracarbolid, pyridinitril, pyroxychlor, pyroxyfur, quinacetol; quinacetol sulfate, quinazamid, quinconazole, rabenzazole, salicylanilide, SSF-109, sultropen, tecoram, thiadifluor, thicyofen, thiochlorfenphim, thiophanate, thioquinox, tioxymid, triamiphos, triarimol, triazbutil, trichlamide, urbacid, zarilamid, and any combinations thereof.

Additionally, the compounds described herein may be combined with other pesticides, including insecticides, nematocides, miticides, arthropodicides, bactericides or combinations thereof that are compatible with the compounds of the present disclosure in the medium selected for application, and not antagonistic to the activity of the present compounds to form pesticidal mixtures and synergistic mixtures thereof. The fungicidal compounds of the present disclosure may be applied in conjunction with one or more other pesticides to control a wider variety of undesirable pests. When used in conjunction with other pesticides, the presently claimed compounds may be formulated with the other pesticide(s), tank-mixed with the other pesticide(s) or applied sequentially with the other pesticide(s). Typical insecticides include, but are not limited to: 1,2-dichloropropane, abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, acethion, acetoprole, acrinathrin, acrylonitrile, alanycarb, aldicarb, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allosamidin, allyxycarb, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-ecdysone, alpha-endosulfan, amidithion, aminocarb, amiton, amiton oxalate, amitraz, anabasine, athidathion, azadirachtin, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, azothoate, barium hexafluorosilicate, barthrin, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, bensultap, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioethanomethrin, biopermethrin, bistrifluron, borax, boric acid, bromfenvinfos, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bufencarb, buprofezin, butacarb, butathiofos, butocarboxim, butonate, butoxycarboxim, cadusafos, calcium arsenate, calcium polysulfide, camphechlor, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbophenothion, carbosulfan, cartap, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole, chlorbicyclen, chlordane, chlordecone, chlordimeform, chlordimeform hydrochloride, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenvinphos, chlorfluazuron, chlormephos, chloroform, chloropicrin, chlorphoxim, chlorprazophos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorthiophos, chromafenozide, cinerin I, cinerin II, cinerins, cismethrin, cloethocarb, closantel, clothianidin, copper acetoarsenite, copper arsenate, copper naphthenate, copper oleate, coumaphos, coumithoate, crotamiton, crotoxyphos, crufomate, cryolite, cyanofenphos, cyanophos, cyanthoate, cyantraniliprole, cyclethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, cyromazine, cythioate, DDT, decarbofuran, deltamethrin, demephion, demephion-O, demephion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulphon, diafenthiuron, dialifos, diatomaceous earth, diazinon, dicapthon, dichlofenthion, dichlorvos, dicresyl, dicrotophos, dicyclanil, dieldrin, diflubenzuron, dilor, dimefluthrin, dimefox, dimetan, dimethoate, dimethrin, dimethylvinphos, dimetilan, dinex, dinex-diclexine, dinoprop, dinosam, dinotefuran, diofenolan, dioxabenzofos, dioxacarb, dioxathion, disulfoton, dithicrofos, d-limonene, DNOC, DNOC-ammonium, DNOC-potassium, DNOC-sodium, doramectin, ecdysterone, emamectin, emamectin benzoate, EMPC, empenthrin, endosulfan, endothion, endrin, EPN, epofenonane, eprinomectin, esdepalléthrine, esfenvalerate, etaphos, ethiofencarb, ethion, ethiprole, ethoate-methyl, ethoprophos, ethyl formate, ethyl-DDD, ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, ethylene oxide, etofenprox, etrimfos, EXD, famphur, fenamiphos, fenazaflor, fenchlorphos, fenethacarb, fenfluthrin, fenitrothion, fenobucarb, fenoxacrim, fenoxycarb, fenpirithrin, fenpropathrin, fensulfothion, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fenvalerate, fipronil, flonicamid, flubendiamide, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucythrinate, flufenerim, flufenoxuron, flufenprox, fluvalinate, fonofos, formetanate, formetanate hydrochloride, formothion, formparanate, formparanate hydrochloride, fosmethilan, fospirate, fosthietan, furathiocarb, furethrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, halfenprox, halofenozide, HCH, HEOD, heptachlor, heptenophos, heterophos, hexaflumuron, HHDN, hydramethylnon, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hyquincarb, imidacloprid, imiprothrin, indoxacarb, iodomethane, IPSP, isazofos, isobenzan, isocarbophos, isodrin, isofenphos, isofenphos-methyl, isoprocarb, isoprothiolane, isothioate, isoxathion, ivermectin, jasmolin I, jasmolin II, jodfenphos, juvenile hormone I, juvenile hormone II, juvenile hormone III, kelevan, kinoprene, lambda-cyhalothrin, lead arsenate, lepimectin, leptophos, lindane, lirimfos, lufenuron, lythidathion, malathion, malonoben, mazidox, mecarbam, mecarphon, menazon, mephosfolan, mercurous chloride, mesulfenfos, metaflumizone, methacrifos, methamidophos, methidathion, methiocarb, methocrotophos, methomyl, methoprene, methoxychlor, methoxyfenozide, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methylchloroform, methylene chloride, metofluthrin, metolcarb, metoxadiazone, mevinphos, mexacarbate, milbemectin, milbemycin oxime, mipafox, mirex, molosultap, monocrotophos, monomehypo, monosultap, morphothion, moxidectin, naftalofos, naled, naphthalene, nicotine, nifluridide, nitenpyram, nithiazine, nitrilacarb, novaluron, noviflumuron, omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprofos, oxydisulfoton, para-dichlorobenzene, parathion, parathion-methyl, penfluron, pentachlorophenol, permethrin, phenkapton, phenothrin, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosfolan, phosmet, phosnichlor, phosphamidon, phosphine, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, pirimetaphos, pirimicarb, pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl, potassium arsenite, potassium thiocyanate, pp′-DDT, prallethrin, precocene I, precocene II, precocene III, primidophos, profenofos, profluralin, promacyl, promecarb, propaphos, propetamphos, propoxur, prothidathion, prothiofos, prothoate, protrifenbute, pyraclofos, pyrafluprole, pyrazophos, pyresmethrin, pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, pyrethrins, pyridaben, pyridalyl, pyridaphenthion, pyrifluquinazon, pyrimidifen, pyrimitate, pyriprole, pyriproxyfen, quassia, quinalphos, quinalphos-methyl, quinothion, rafoxanide, resmethrin, rotenone, ryania, sabadilla, schradan, selamectin, silafluofen, silica gel, sodium arsenite, sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium thiocyanate, sophamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spiromesifen, spirotetramat, sulcofuron, sulcofuron-sodium, sulfluramid, sulfotep, sulfoxaflor, sulfuryl fluoride, sulprofos, tau-fluvalinate, tazimcarb, TDE, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebupirimfos, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, temephos, TEPP, terallethrin, terbufos, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, theta-cypermethrin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thicrofos, thiocarboxime, thiocyclam, thiocyclam oxalate, thiodicarb, thiofanox, thiometon, thiosultap, thiosultap-disodium, thiosultap-monosodium, thuringiensin, tolfenpyrad, tralomethrin, transfluthrin, transpermethrin, triarathene, triazamate, triazophos, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trifenofos, triflumuron, trimethacarb, triprene, vamidothion, vaniliprole, XMC, xylylcarb, zeta-cypermethrin, zolaprofos, and any combinations thereof.

Additionally, the compounds described herein may be combined with herbicides that are compatible with the compounds of the present disclosure in the medium selected for application, and not antagonistic to the activity of the present compounds to form pesticidal mixtures and synergistic mixtures thereof. The fungicidal compounds of the present disclosure may be applied in conjunction with one or more herbicides to control a wide variety of undesirable plants. When used in conjunction with herbicides, the presently claimed compounds may be formulated with the herbicide(s), tank-mixed with the herbicide(s) or applied sequentially with the herbicide(s). Typical herbicides include, but are not limited to: 4-CPA; 4-CPB; 4-CPP; 2,4-D; 3,4-DA; 2,4-DB; 3,4-DB; 2,4-DEB; 2,4-DEP; 3,4-DP; 2,3,6-TBA; 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TB; acetochlor, acifluorfen, aclonifen, acrolein, alachlor, allidochlor, alloxydim, allyl alcohol, alorac, ametridione, ametryn, amibuzin, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, amiprofos-methyl, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, anisuron, asulam, atraton, atrazine, azafenidin, azimsulfuron, aziprotryne, barban, BCPC, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron, bensulide, bentazone, benzadox, benzfendizone, benzipram, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, benzofluor, benzoylprop, benzthiazuron, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac, borax, bromacil, bromobonil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, brompyrazon, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butenachlor, buthidazole, buthiuron, butralin, butroxydim, buturon, butylate, cacodylic acid, cafenstrole, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, carbasulam, carbetamide, carboxazole chlorprocarb, carfentrazone, CDEA, CEPC, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chloranocryl, chlorazifop, chlorazine, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chloreturon, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, chloridazon, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chloropon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, chloroxynil, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, cisanilide, clethodim, cliodinate, clodinafop, clofop, clomazone, clomeprop, cloprop, cloproxydim, clopyralid, cloransulam, CMA, copper sulfate, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cumyluron, cyanatryn, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cycluron, cyhalofop, cyperquat, cyprazine, cyprazole, cypromid, daimuron, dalapon, dazomet, delachlor, desmedipham, desmetryn, di-allate, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloralurea, dichlormate, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, diclofop, diclosulam, diethamquat, diethatyl, difenopenten, difenoxuron, difenzoquat, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimexano, dimidazon, dinitramine, dinofenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, diphenamid, dipropetryn, diquat, disul, dithiopyr, diuron, DMPA, DNOC, DSMA, EBEP, eglinazine, endothal, epronaz, EPTC, erbon, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron, ethidimuron, ethiolate, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etinofen, etnipromid, etobenzanid, EXD, fenasulam, fenoprop, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P, fenoxasulfone, fenteracol, fenthiaprop, fentrazamide, fenuron, ferrous sulfate, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenican, flufenpyr, flumetsulam, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin, flumipropyn, fluometuron, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoromidine, fluoronitrofen, fluothiuron, flupoxam, flupropacil, flupropanate, flupyrsulfuron, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, flurtamone, fluthiacet, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine, furyloxyfen, glufosinate, glufosinate-P, glyphosate, halauxifen, halosafen, halosulfuron, haloxydine, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, hexachloroacetone, hexaflurate, hexazinone, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, indanofan, indaziflam, iodobonil, iodomethane, iodosulfuron, ioxynil, ipazine, ipfencarbazone, iprymidam, isocarbamid, isocil, isomethiozin, isonoruron, isopolinate, isopropalin, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, isoxapyrifop, karbutilate, ketospiradox, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, MAA, MAMA, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medinoterb, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, metam, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metflurazon, methabenzthiazuron, methalpropalin, methazole, methiobencarb, methiozolin, methiuron, methometon, methoprotryne, methyl bromide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron, molinate, monalide, monisouron, monochloroacetic acid, monolinuron, monuron, morfamquat, MSMA, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, nipyraclofen, nitralin, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen, norflurazon, noruron, OCH, orbencarb, ortho-dichlorobenzene, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxapyrazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, parafluron, paraquat, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentachlorophenol, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, phenisopham, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, phenobenzuron, phenylmercury acetate, picloram, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, pretilachlor, primisulfuron, procyazine, prodiamine, profluazol, profluralin, profoxydim, proglinazine, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfalin, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, proxan, prynachlor, pydanon, pyraclonil, pyraflufen, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazosulfuron, pyrazoxyfen, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyriclor, pyridafol, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quinonamid, quizalofop, quizalofop-P, rhodethanil, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, S-metolachlor, sebuthylazine, secbumeton, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simeton, simetryn, SMA, sodium arsenite, sodium azide, sodium chlorate, sulcotrione, sulfallate, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, sulfuric acid, sulglycapin, swep, TCA, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetrafluron, thenylchlor, thiazafluron, thiazopyr, thidiazimin, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, tioclorim, topramezone, tralkoxydim, triafamone, tri-allate, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron, tricamba, triclopyr, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron, trifop, trifopsime, trihydroxytriazine, trimeturon, tripropindan, tritac, tritosulfuron, vernolate, and xylachlor.

Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method for the control or prevention of fungal attack. This method comprises applying to the soil, plant, roots, foliage, or locus of the fungus, or to a locus in which the infestation is to be prevented (for example applying to cereal or grape plants), a fungicidally effective amount of one or more of the compounds of Formula I. The compounds are suitable for treatment of various plants at fungicidal levels, while exhibiting low phytotoxicity. The compounds may be useful both in a protectant and/or an eradicant fashion.

The compounds have been found to have significant fungicidal effect particularly for agricultural use. Many of the compounds are particularly effective for use with agricultural crops and horticultural plants.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the efficacy of the compound for the foregoing fungi establishes the general utility of the compounds as fungicides.

The compounds have broad ranges of activity against fungal pathogens. Exemplary pathogens may include, but are not limited to, causing agent of wheat leaf blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici), wheat brown rust (Puccinia triticina), wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis), scab of apple (Venturia inaequalis), powdery mildew of grapevine (Uncinula necator), barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis), blast of rice (Magnaporthe grisea), rust of soybean (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), glume blotch of wheat (Leptosphaeria nodorum), powdery mildew of wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici), powdery mildew of barley (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), powdery mildew of cucurbits (Erysiphe cichoracearum), anthracnose of cucurbits (Glomerella lagenarium), leaf spot of beet (Cercospora beticola), early blight of tomato (Alternaria solani), and spot blotch of barley (Cochliobolus sativus). The exact amount of the active material to be applied is dependent not only on the specific active material being applied, but also on the particular action desired, the fungal species to be controlled, and the stage of growth thereof, as well as the part of the plant or other product to be contacted with the compound. Thus, all the compounds, and formulations containing the same, may not be equally effective at similar concentrations or against the same fungal species.

The compounds are effective in use with plants in a disease-inhibiting and phytologically acceptable amount. The term “disease-inhibiting and phytologically acceptable amount” refers to an amount of a compound that kills or inhibits the plant disease for which control is desired, but is not significantly toxic to the plant. This amount will generally be from about 0.1 to about 1000 ppm (parts per million), with 1 to 500 ppm being preferred. The exact concentration of compound required varies with the fungal disease to be controlled, the type of formulation employed, the method of application, the particular plant species, climate conditions, and the like. A suitable application rate is typically in the range from about 0.10 to about 4 pounds/acre (about 0.01 to 0.45 grams per square meter, g/m²).

Any range or desired value given herein may be extended or altered without losing the effects sought, as is apparent to the skilled person for an understanding of the teachings herein.

The compounds of Formula I may be made using well-known chemical procedures. Intermediates not specifically mentioned in this disclosure are either commercially available, may be made by routes disclosed in the chemical literature, or may be readily synthesized from commercial starting materials utilizing standard procedures.

General Schemes

The following schemes illustrate approaches to generating picolinamide compounds of Formula (I). The following descriptions and examples are provided for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting in terms of substituents or substitution patterns.

Compounds of Formula 1.5 and 1.6 wherein R₃ and R₄ are as originally defined, may be prepared by the methods shown in Scheme 1, steps a-d. Compounds of Formula 1.1 may be prepared by treatment of compounds of Formula 1.0, first under standard Grignard conditions, using magnesium metal and an alkali base, such as lithium chloride, in a polar, aprotic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or diethyl ether (Et₂O), at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 70° C., to generate the Grignard intermediate. The solution is then treated with a metal catalyst, such as iron (III) acetylacetonate, followed by allyl chloride, in a polar aprotic solvent, such as THF, at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 70° C., to give compounds of Formula 1.1, wherein R₃ is as previously defined, and shown in step a. Generally, the composition of compounds of Formula 1.1 derived from this process is a mixture of allyl and E, Z isomers of the styrene derived products. Compounds of Formula 1.1, wherein R₃ is as previously defined, can be isomerized to compounds of Formula 1.2 by treating with a catalyst system, such as bis(dibenzylideneactone)palladium (0), a phosphine coordinating reagent, such as tri-tert-butylphosphine, and an acid chloride, such as isobutyryl chloride, in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, at a temperature of about 25° C. to 100° C., to generate compounds of formula 1.2, wherein R₃ is as previously described, and shown in step b. Alternatively, compounds of formula 1.1, wherein R₃ is as previously described, can be isomerized using the conditions of Mayer, M.; Welther, A.; Jacobi von Wangelin, A. ChemCatChem. 2011, 3, 1567-1571, and shown in step b. Epoxides of Formulas 1.3 and 1.4, wherein R₃ is as previously defined, can be obtained by a catalytic asymmetric epoxidation method using oxone as oxidant and a fructose derived ketone as described by Wang, Z-X; Tu, Y.; Frohn, M.; Zhang, J-R.; Shi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11224-11235, and depicted in step c. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that epoxides of Formulae 1.3 and 1.4, wherein R₃ is as previously defined, can be prepared by other catalytic asymmetric epoxidation methods, including, but not limited to, dioxiranes derived from other

chiral ketones; catalytic metal salen complexes using an oxidant, such as dioxygen or sodium hypochlorite; chiral iminium salts using oxone as the oxidizing species; chiral organic oxaziridine salts; and enzymatic epoxidation biocatalysts, such as monooxygenases and hydrolases. Compounds of Formulas 1.5 and 1.6, wherein R₃ and R₄ are as previously defined, can be prepared by treating epoxides of Formulas 1.3 and 1.4, with a sulfur nucleophile, such as benzenethiol, in the presence of an alkali base, such as sodium hydroxide, in a polar biphasic solvent system, such as 1,4-dioxane and water, in a ratio of about 10:1, at a temperature of about 25° C. to 70° C., as described by Caldentey, X.; Pericas, M. A. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 2628-2644, and shown in step d.

Compounds of Formula 2.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂, are as originally defined, may be prepared according to the method outlined in Scheme 2, step a. Alcohols of Formula 2.0, wherein R₂, R₃, R₄, and R₁₂, are as originally defined, may be treated with compounds of Formula 2.1, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are as originally defined, a coupling reagent, such as 3-(ethyliminomethyleneamino)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine hydrochloride (EDC) or a polymer-supported carbodiimide (PS-CDT), and a catalyst, such as N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (DMAP), in a halogenated solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, to generate compounds of Formula 2.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as previously defined, as shown in step a.

Compounds of Formula 3.4, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, may be prepared according to the methods outlined in Scheme 3, steps a-d. Compounds of Formula 2.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, but not alkenyl, may be treated with an acid, such as a 4 N solution of HCl in dioxane, with or without a halogenated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂ to generate compounds of Formula 3.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂, are as originally defined, but not alkenyl, as shown in step a. Compounds of Formula 3.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, can be prepared by treating compounds of Formula 2.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, with an acid, such as 2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid, in a halogenated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, as shown in step c. Compounds of Formulas 3.1 and 3.2, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, can be treated with compounds of Formula 3.3, wherein R₆ is as originally defined, in the presence of a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, and a peptide coupling reagent, such as benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) or O-(7-azabenzo-triazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), in an halogenated solvent such as CH₂Cl₂, to generate compounds of Formula 3.4, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as previously defined, as shown in step b and d.

Compounds of Formula 4.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, may be prepared according to the method outlined in Scheme 4, steps a or b. Compounds of Formula 3.4, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as previously defined, may be treated with an appropriate alkyl halide with or without a reagent such as sodium iodide (NaI) and an alkali carbonate base, such as Na₂CO₃ or potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), in a solvent such as acetone, as shown in step a. Or, alternatively, by treatment with an acyl halide or anhydride in the presence of an amine base, such as pyridine, NEt₃, DMAP, or mixtures thereof, in an aprotic solvent, such as CH₂Cl₂, to generate compounds of Formula 4.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as previously defined, as shown in step b.

Compounds of Formula 5.0 and 5.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, may be prepared according to the method outlined in Scheme 5, step a and b. Compounds of Formula 3.4, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, may be treated with a thionating reagent such as phosphorus pentasulfide, an additive, such as hexamethyldisiloxane, optionally in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile (CH₃CN), at a temperature of about 0° C. to 80° C. to generate compounds of Formula 5.0, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, and shown in step a. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that compounds such as Formula 1.1 may also be prepared using other thionating agents including, but not limited to: sulfur, sulfhydric acid, sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide, boron trisulfide, bis(diethylaluminum)sulfide, ammonium sulfide, Lawesson's reagent, ammonium 0,0′-diethyl dithiophosphate, rhodanine, or a polymer supported thionating reagent. Additives can include, but not limited to, aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃); inorganic bases, such as potassium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate; organic bases, such as triethylamine, diethylaniline, pyridine and morpholine. Optional solvents can include, but not limited to, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane, cyclohexane or toluene; halogenated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane and chlorobenzene; ethers, such as diethyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, THF and 1,2-dimethoxyethane; and other polar aprotic solvents such as pyridine and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). In step b, treatment of compounds of Formula 5.0, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, with an appropriate alkyl halide with or without a reagent such as sodium iodide (NaI) and an alkali carbonate base, such as sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) or potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), in a solvent like acetone at a temperature of about 55° C., or by treatment with an acyl halide or anhydride in the presence of an amine base, such as pyridine, triethylamine (Et₃N), DMAP, or mixtures thereof, in an optional aprotic solvent such as DCM, at a temperature of about 23° C., may generate compounds of Formula I wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined.

Compounds of Formula 3.4, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, may be treated with an oxidizing reagent, such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, in a solvent, such as acetic acid, at a temperature of about 25° C. to 60° C., to give compounds of Formula 6.0 and 6.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, and shown in Scheme 6, step a.

Compounds of Formula 4.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, can be treated with 1-1.5 equivalents of an oxidizing reagent, such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, in a solvent, such as acetic acid, at a temperature of about 25° C. to 60° C., to give compounds of Formulas 7.0 and 7.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, and shown in Scheme 7, step a. Alternatively, compounds of Formula 4.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, can be subjected to an excess (3-5 equivalents) of an oxidizing reagent, such as sodium perborate tetrahydrate, in a solvent, such as acetic acid, at a temperature of about 25° C. to 60° C., to generate compounds of Formulae 6.1, 7.0 and 7.1, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are as originally defined, and shown in Scheme 7, step b.

EXAMPLES Example 1A: Preparation of (E)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene

This compound was prepared by the method of Mayer, M.; Welther, A.; Jacobi von Wangelin, A. ChemCatChem. 2011, 3, 1567-1571.

Example 1B: Preparation of (E)-1-fluoro-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene

To a solution of 1-allyl-4-fluorobenzene (1.35 mL, 10 mmol) in toluene (20 mL) was added bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium (0.115 g, 0.200 mmol), tri-tert-butylphosphine (10% in hexane) (0.618 ml, 0.200 mmol) and isobutyryl chloride (0.021 ml, 0.200 mmol) in toluene (20.00 ml). The reaction was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was purified by Isco chromatography (0 to 5% Et₂O in pet ether) to provide the desired product as a solution in toluene (20 mL) (1.36 g, 95%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.10 (m, 6H), 2.35 (s, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −115.97.

Example 1C: Preparation of (E)-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-1-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene Step 1: Preparation of (E,Z)-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-1-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene

To a mixture of magnesium (0.79 g, 32.5 mmol) and lithium chloride (1.52 g, 35.80 mmol) in THF (33 ml) at room temperature was added 1-bromo-4-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene (3.13 mL, 24.39 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at 70° C. for 1.5 hr. The reaction was then cooled to 0° C., and Fe(acac)₃ (0.574 g, 1.63 mmol) was added. After 1 minute, allyl chloride (1.33 mL, 16.26 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. The mixture was warmed to room temperature over 1 hr and was heated at 70° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled and diluted with petroleum ether (100 mL). The reaction was then quenched by the addition of a saturated NH₄Cl solution (100 mL). The mixture was filtered through a Celite® pad and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with petroleum ether (2×100 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and carefully concentrated (25° C., 250 mbar). The residue was purified by Isco chromatography (100% pet ether as the eluent) to provide (E,Z)-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-1-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene (2.25 g, 83% yield) as a colorless oil. This mixture was approximately a 3:1 mixture of E and Z isomers with a trace of the allyl isomer present. This material was used directly in the next step. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.65-6.53 (m, 3H), 6.14 (dq, J=15.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.88 (dd, J=6.6, 1.7 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.30.

Step 2: Preparation of (E)-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-1-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene

To a solution of (E,Z)-4-fluoro-2-methoxy-1-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene (2.25 g, 13.54 mmol) in toluene (27 mL) was added bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium (0.156 g, 0.271 mmol), tri-tert-butylphosphine (10% in hexane) (0.84 mL, 0.271 mmol) and isobutyryl chloride (0.028 mL, 0.271 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was purified directly by Isco chromatography (100% petroleum ether) to provide the title compound as a 20:1 mixture of E vs Z isomers (2.25 g, 100%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.31 (dd, J=8.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.65-6.53 (m, 3H), 6.14 (dq, J=15.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 1.88 (dd, J=6.6, 1.7 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.30.

Example 2A: 2A Denotes that this Epoxide is Commercially Available Example 2B: Preparation of (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-(p-tolyl)oxirane

To a 500 mL round-bottom flask containing 75 mL of a buffer solution containing 0.05 M Na₂B₄O₇-10H₂O in 4×10⁻⁴ M aqueous Na₂(EDTA), was added acetonitrile (117 ml). (E)-1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl)benzene (1.24 g, 7.69 mmol), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (0.104 g, 0.308 mmol), and (3aS,4′R,7aS)-2,2,2′,2′-tetramethyldihydrospiro[[1,3]dioxolo-[4,5-c]pyran-6,4′-[1,3]dioxolan]-7(7aH)-one (0.596 g, 2.307 mmol). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. with an ice bath. A solution of oxone (6.53 g, 10.61 mmol) in aqueous Na₂(EDTA) (4×10⁻⁴ M, 50 mL) and a solution of potassium carbonate (6.17 g, 44.6 mmol) in water (50 mL) were added dropwise through two syringe pumps over a period of 1.5 h (under these conditions, the reaction pH is around 10.5; it is recommended that both oxone and K₂CO₃ be added uniformly over 1.5 h). At this point, the reaction was immediately quenched by the addition of 100 mL each of petroleum ether and water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with petroleum ether (3×150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (150 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (0 to 10% acetone in hexanes as the eluent) to provide (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-(p-tolyl)oxirane (1.09 g, 6.99 mmol, 91%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.15 (s, 4H), 3.54 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (qd, J=5.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 3H). EIMS m/z 148.

Example 3: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-ol

To a solution of (2S,3S)-2-methyl-3-(p-tolyl)oxirane (0.053 g, 0.358 mmol) in dioxane (1.626 ml)/water (0.163 ml) was added benzenethiol (0.073 ml, 0.715 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (0.029 g, 0.715 mmol). The mixture was warmed to 65° C. and stirred for 3.5 hrs. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (10 mL) and CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). The phases were separated and the products extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified via flash chromatography (4 g silica column, 0-20% acetone/hexanes as the eluent) to generate (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-ol (85 mg, 0.329 mmol, 92% yield) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.39-7.04 (m, 9H), 4.16 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dq, J=11.6, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.21 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.21 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 137.35, 135.25, 134.69, 132.01, 129.22, 128.91, 128.78, 127.20, 69.49, 61.25, 21.09, 20.26. IR (thin film) 3421 (b), 2971, 2920, 1479, 1111, 1066, 1024, 933, 736, 699 cm⁻¹.

Example 4: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution of ((1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-ol (0.084 g, 0.325 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.63 mL) at 0° C. was added (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoic acid (Boc-Ala-OH; 68 mg, 0.358 mmol), N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (3.97 mg, 0.033 mmol), and N¹-((ethylimino)methylene)-N³,N³-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine hydrochloride (EDC; 125 mg, 0.650 mmol). The mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was concentrated and purified via flash chromatography (4 g silica column, 0-20% acetone/hexanes) to provide (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alaninate (100 mg, 0.233 mmol, 71.6% yield) as a sticky wax. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.21 (dq, J=5.1, 3.0, 2.3 Hz, 3H), 7.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (p, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.33 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3363, 2978, 1711, 1511, 1365, 1163, 1051 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+Na]⁺ calcd for C₂₄H₃₁NNaO₄S, 452.1866; found, 452.1864.

Example 4A: Preparation of erythro-1-(methylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution of erythro-1-(methylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-ol (Truce, W. E.; Klinger, T. C. J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 1834-1838) (21 mg, 0.100 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)propanoic acid (Boc-Ala-OH; 20 mg, 0.105 mmol) and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (1.22 mg, 10.00 μmol), followed by PS-carbodiimide (1.6 mmol/g) (0.125 mg, 0.200 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was filtered and concentrated to provide the title compound as a clear film (34 mg, 88%) that was of sufficient purity (88%) to be used directly in the next step. ESIMS m/z 386.3 ([M+H]⁺).

Example 5, Step 1: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl-L-alaninate hydrochloride

(1R,2S)-1-(Phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-alaninate (0.099 g, 0.230 mmol) was dissolved in hydrogen chloride (4.0M in dioxane) (1.152 ml, 4.61 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under a stream of nitrogen to generate (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl-L-alaninate hydrochloride (0.084 g, 0.230 mmol, 100% yield) as a sticky wax. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₄NO₂S, 330.1522; found, 330.1526. This material was used directly in the next step.

Example 5, Step 2: Preparation (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl (3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution of (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl-L-alaninate hydrochloride (0.084 g, 0.230 mmol) dissolved in (2.3 ml) were added 3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinic acid (0.041 g, 0.241 mmol), N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (0.120 ml, 0.689 mmol), and ((1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)oxy)tri(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate(V) (PyBOP) (0.125 g, 0.241 mmol). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue purified via flash chromatography (4 g silica column, 5-35% acetone/hexanes) to provide (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (56 mg, 0.117 mmol, 50.8% yield) as a sticky wax: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.11 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (p, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3367, 2980, 1736, 1648, 1575, 1527, 1479, 1437, 1262, 1183, 1149 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₅S, 481.1792; found, 481.1786.

Example 6A: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl (3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution containing (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl (3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (0.040 g, 0.083 mmol) dissolved in pyridine (0.5 mL, 6.21 mmol) was added acetic anhydride (0.5 mL, 5.30 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue purified via flash chromatography (4 g silica column, 0-35% acetone/hexanes) to provide (1R,2S)-1-(phenylthio)-1-(p-tolyl)propan-2-yl(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (43 mg, 0.082 mmol, 99% yield) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.48 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (p, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.33 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3378, 2982, 1769, 1737, 1675, 1508, 1195, 1173 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₆S, 523.1897; found, 523.1891.

Example 6B: Preparation of 4-methoxy-2-(((S)-1-oxo-1-(((1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl isobutyrate

To a stirred solution of (S)-(1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinamido)propanoate (100 mg, 0.214 mmol), N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (5.24 mg, 0.043 mmol) and triethylamine (59.7 μl, 0.429 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4.3 mL) was added isobutyryl chloride (33.7 μl, 0.322 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hr, during which time the reaction gradually turned orange. The reaction mixture was loaded directly onto an Isco column (0 to 50% Acetone in hexanes) to provide 4-methoxy-2-(((S)-1-oxo-1-(((1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl isobutyrate (109 mg, 0.193 mmol, 90% yield) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.45-8.36 (m, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.15 (m, 10H), 6.95 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.47-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dq, J=8.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.93 (hept, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 9H), 1.17 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.67, 172.02, 162.33, 159.41, 146.57, 141.88, 138.56, 137.64, 134.06, 132.81, 128.88, 128.70, 128.30, 127.59, 127.55, 109.62, 73.10, 58.75, 56.28, 47.89, 33.95, 18.82, 18.48, 18.35. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₆S, 537.2059; found, 537.2063.

Example 6C: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-(3-(acetoxymethoxy)-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate

To a stirred solution of (S)-(1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinamido)propanoate (100 mg, 0.214 mmol) and potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) (59.2 mg, 0.429 mmol) suspended in acetone (4.3 mL) was added bromomethyl acetate (31.5 μl, 0.322 mmol). The solution was heated to 50° C. for 3 hr. The solution was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂; Isco; 0-50% acetone/hexanes as the eluent) to yield (S)-(1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-2-(3-(acetoxymethoxy)-4-methoxypicolinamido)propanoate (95 mg, 0.168 mmol, 78% yield) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.30-8.22 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.16 (m, 10H), 6.93 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 2H), 5.48-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.02, 170.25, 162.92, 160.26, 145.69, 143.97, 142.45, 138.59, 134.02, 132.81, 128.87, 128.67, 128.30, 127.59, 127.53, 109.58, 89.52, 73.13, 58.75, 56.18, 48.13, 20.87, 18.49, 18.09. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₇S, 539.1852; found, 539.1850.

Example 6D: Preparation of ((4-methoxy-2-(((S)-1-oxo-1-(((1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl isobutyrate

To a solution of (S)-(1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinamido)propanoate (100 mg, 0.214 mmol), sodium iodide (6.43 mg, 0.043 mmol) and sodium carbonate (68.2 mg, 0.643 mmol) dissolved in acetone (4.3 mL) was added chloromethyl isobutyrate (58.5 mg, 0.429 mmol). The solution was heated to 50° C. for 3 hr. The solution was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (SiO₂; Isco; 0-50% acetone/hexane as the eluent) to generate ((4-methoxy-2-(((S)-1-oxo-1-(((1R,2S)-1-phenyl-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl)oxy)propan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-3-yl)oxy)methyl isobutyrate (109 mg, 0.183 mmol, 85% yield) as a white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.33 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.09 (m, 10H), 6.92 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.85-5.67 (m, 2H), 5.49-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.53 (hept, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 176.20, 172.02, 162.90, 160.25, 145.55, 144.20, 142.09, 138.59, 134.02, 132.80, 128.87, 128.67, 128.30, 127.58, 127.52, 109.53, 89.89, 73.12, 58.75, 56.13, 48.12, 33.84, 18.67, 18.48, 18.09. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₃₀H₃₅N₂O₇S, 567.2165; found, 567.2167.

Example 7: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypyridine-2-carbonothioyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution containing (1R,2S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (65 mg, 0.134 mmol) dissolved in acetonitrile (1.341 mL) was added phosphorous pentasulfide (59.6 mg, 0.268 mmol) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisiloxane (0.143 mL, 0.671 mmol). After stirring for 45 min at 45° C., sat. NaHCO₃ (15 mL) was added followed by aqueous extraction with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified via flash chromatography (0-45% acetone/hex) to furnish (1R,2S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(phenylthio)propan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypyridine-2-carbonothioyl)-L-alaninate (51 mg, 0.087 mmol, 64.6% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.87 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 7H), 6.91 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.88-6.83 (m, 1H), 5.41 (p, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.33 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.49. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+Na]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₅S₂Na, 553.1238; found, 553.1251.

Example 8: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-((R)-(4-fluorophenyl)sulfinyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl (3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate and (1R,2S)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate

To a magnetically stirred mixture of (1R,2S)-1-((4-fluorophenyl)thio)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (98 mg, 0.202 mmol) in acetic acid (1011 μl) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (46.7 mg, 0.303 mmol) in a 20 mL vial under air atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 1.5 hr. TLC/UPLC showed that two new products had formed and the starting material had been consumed. The volatiles were removed under a gentle stream of air and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography (ISCO, 12 g SiO₂, 10-30% acetone/hexane mixture as the eluent) to yield the desired products. The first product to elute was the sulfone (45 mg, 43%, white foam): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.04 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 4H), 7.01 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (p, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.86, 168.63, 165.70 (d, J=257.0 Hz), 155.37, 148.75, 140.45, 134.13 (d, J=3.2 Hz), 131.63 (d, J=9.7 Hz), 130.66, 130.41, 130.13, 129.18, 128.58, 116.00 (d, J=22.6 Hz), 109.48, 75.07, 68.59, 56.07, 47.83, 19.73, 17.58. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −103.10 (s). HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₆FN₂O₇S, 517.1439; found, 517.1431. The second product to elute was the sulfoxide (23 mg, 23%, white foam): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.11 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.91-5.84 (m, 1H), 4.86 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.01, 168.73, 164.42 (d, J=251.9 Hz), 155.41, 148.81, 140.52, 137.76 (d, J=3.0 Hz), 130.47, 130.22, 128.94, 128.71, 127.10 (d, J=8.9 Hz), 115.88 (d, J=22.5 Hz), 109.52, 77.66, 69.36, 56.08, 47.95, 18.25, 18.18. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −108.07 (s). HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₅H₂₆FN₂O₆S, 501.1490; found, 501.1487.

Example 9: Preparation of (1R,2S)-1-(benzylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate, (1R,2S)-1-(benzylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate, and (1R,2S)-1-((S)-benzylsulfinyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate

To a solution of (1R,2S)-1-(benzylthio)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (0.067 g, 0.128 mmol) in acetic acid (0.641 ml) was added sodium perborate tetrahydrate (0.049 g, 0.318 mmol). The mixture was warmed to 55° C. and stirred for 30 min. The cooled mixture was concentrated under a stream of nitrogen and the residue was purified via flash chromatography (ISCO, 4 g silica column, 15-25% acetone/hexane mixture as the eluent) to provide:

(1R,2S)-1-(Benzylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (12 mg, 0.023 mmol, 18.26% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.06 (s, 1H), 8.43-8.37 (m, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42 (q, J=5.3 Hz, 3H), 7.39-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.02-5.91 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.03 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3366, 2983, 1742, 1649, 1530, 1494, 1454, 1312, 1122 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₇S, 513.169; found, 513.1682.

(1R,2S)-1-(Benzylsulfonyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (32 mg, 0.049 mmol, 38.3% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.52-8.43 (m, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42 (q, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (p, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (p, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.31 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3372, 2937, 1767, 1742, 1674, 1509, 1311, 1199, 1174 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₈S, 555.1796; found, 555.1788.

(1R,2S)-1-((S)-Benzylsulfinyl)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl-(3-acetoxy-4-methoxypicolinoyl)-L-alaninate (16 mg, 0.030 mmol, 23.17% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.33 (dq, J=6.3, 3.7, 2.9 Hz, 5H), 7.15 (dd, J=6.5, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.70-5.61 (m, 1H), 4.78 (p, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.80 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.52 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H). IR (thin film) 3379, 2981, 1768, 1743, 1675, 1508, 1194, 1174, 1043 cm⁻¹. HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M+H]⁺ calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₇S, 539.1846; found, 539.1813.

Compound structure, appearance, and preparation methods of compounds of the present disclosure are shown below in Table 1. Analytical data for the compounds shown in Table 1 are shown below in Table 2.

Example A: Evaluation of Fungicidal Activity: Leaf Blotch of Wheat (Zymoseptoria tritici; Bayer Code SEPTTR)

Technical grades of materials were dissolved in acetone, which were then mixed with nine volumes of water containing 110 ppm Triton X-100. The fungicide solutions were applied onto wheat seedlings using an automated booth sprayer to run-off. All sprayed plants were allowed to air dry prior to further handling. All fungicides were evaluated using the aforementioned method for their activity vs. all target diseases, unless stated otherwise. Wheat leaf blotch and brown rust activity were also evaluated using track spray applications, in which case the fungicides were formulated as EC formulations, containing 0.1% Trycol 5941 in the spray solutions.

Wheat plants (variety Yuma) were grown from seed in a greenhouse in 50% mineral soil/50% soil-less Metro mix until the first leaf was fully emerged, with 7-10 seedlings per pot. These plants were inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of Zymoseptoria tritici either prior to or after fungicide treatments. After inoculation the plants were kept in 100% relative humidity (one day in a dark dew chamber followed by two to three days in a lighted dew chamber at 20° C.) to permit spores to germinate and infect the leaf. The plants were then transferred to a greenhouse set at 20° C. for disease to develop. When disease symptoms were fully expressed on the 1^(st) leaves of untreated plants, infection levels were assessed on a scale of 0 to 100 percent disease severity. Percent disease control was calculated using the ratio of disease severity on treated plants relative to untreated plants. Results of the evaluations are shown below in Table 4.

Example B: Evaluation of Fungicidal Activity: Wheat Brown Rust (Puccinia triticina; Synonym: Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici; Bayer Code PUCCRT)

Wheat plants (variety Yuma) were grown from seed in a greenhouse in 50% mineral soil/50% soil-less Metro mix until the first leaf was fully emerged, with 7-10 seedlings per pot. These plants were inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of Puccinia triticina either prior to or after fungicide treatments. After inoculation the plants were kept in a dark dew room at 22° C. with 100% relative humidity overnight to permit spores to germinate and infect the leaf. The plants were then transferred to a greenhouse set at 24° C. for disease to develop. Fungicide formulation, application and disease assessment followed the procedures as described in the Example A. Results of the evaluations are shown below in Table 4.

Example C: Evaluation of Fungicidal Activity: Asian Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi; Bayer Code PHAKPA)

Technical grades of materials were dissolved in acetone, which were then mixed with nine volumes of water containing 0.011% Tween 20. The fungicide solutions were applied onto soybean seedlings using an automated booth sprayer to run-off. All sprayed plants were allowed to air dry prior to further handling.

Soybean plants (variety Williams 82) were grown in soil-less Metro mix, with one plant per pot. Two weeks old seedlings were used for testing. Plants were inoculated either 3 days prior to or 1 day after fungicide treatments. Plants were incubated for 24 h in a dark dew room at 22° C. and 100% relative humidity then transferred to a growth room at 23° C. for disease to develop. Disease severity was assessed on the sprayed leaves. Results of the evaluations are shown below in Table 5.

TABLE 1 Compound Structure, Appearance, and Preparation Method As Prepared Cmpd. According No. Structure To Appearance  1

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  2

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  3

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  4

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  5

Example 1B; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  6

Example 1C; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil  7

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4A Pale Yellow Solid  8

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4A Sticky Oil  9

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4A Sticky Wax 10

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4A Pale Yellow Semi-Solid 11

Example 1C; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Sticky Wax 12

Example 1C; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Sticky Wax 13

Example 1C; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Sticky Wax 14

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4A Sticky Yellow Wax 15

Example 1A; Example 2B; Example 3; Example 4 Sticky Wax 16

Example 2A; Example 3; Example 4 Colorless Oil 17

Example 4A Film 18

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 19

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 20

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 21

Example 5, Step 1 Off White Wax 22

Example 5, Step 1 White Wax 23

Example 5, Step 1 Colorless Oil 24

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 25

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 26

Example 5, Step 1 White Semi Solid 27

Example 5, Step 1 White Semi- Solid 28

Example 5, Step 1 Sticky Wax 29

Example 5, Step 1 Sticky Wax 30

Example 5, Step 1 Sticky Wax 31

Example 5, Step 1 White Solid 32

Example 5, Step 1 Sticky Wax 33

Example 5, Step 1 White Foam 34

Example 5, Step 1 Colorless Oil 35

Example 5, Step 2 White Foam 36

Example 5, Step 2 Colorless Oil 37

Example 5, Step 2 White Foam 38

Example 5, Step 2 White Foam 39

Example 5, Step 2 Colorless Oil 40

Example 5, Step 2 White Foam 41

Example 5, Step 2; Example 8 White Foam 42

Example 5, Step 2; Example 8 White Foam 43

Example 5, Step 2; Example 9 White Solid 44

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 45

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 46

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 47

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 48

Example 5, Step 2; Example 9 White Solid 49

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 50

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 51

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 52

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 53

Example 5, Step 2 Sticky Wax 54

Example 5, Step 2 White Foam 55

Example 5, Step 2; Example 7 Yellow Solid 56

Example 5, Step 2; Example 7 Yellow Solid 57

Example 5, Step 2; Example 7 Yellow Solid 58

Example 5, Step 2 Film 59

Example 6A Colorless Oil 60

Example 6A Colorless Oil 61

Example 6A Colorless Oil 62

Example 6A; Example 8 White Foam 63

Example 6A Colorless Oil 64

Example 6A; Example 8 White Foam 65

Example 6A White Foam 66

Example 6A White Foam 67

Example 6A White Foam 68

Example 6A White Foam 69

Example 6A Sticky Wax 70

Example 6A Sticky Wax 71

Example 6A White Solid 72

Example 6A; Example 9 White Solid 73

Example 6A; Example 9 White Solid 74

Example 6A; Example 9 White Solid 75

Example 6A White Foam 76

Example 6A White Foam 77

Example 6A White Foam 78

Example 6A White Foam 79

Example 6D White Foam 80

Example 6C White Foam 81

Example 6B Colorless Oil 82

Example 6A Colorless Oil 83

Example 7; Example 6A Brown Wax 84

Example 7; Example 6A Brown Wax 85

Example 7; Example 6A Yellow Wax *Cmpd. No. - Compound Number

TABLE 2 Analytical Data Melting Cmpd. Point No. (° C.) IR (cm⁻¹) MASS SPEC NMR 1 ESIMS m/z 450 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ([M + H]⁺) 7.29-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.18-7.09 (m, 3H), 5.37 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.28-4.14 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.06 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.46, 154.95, 138.06, 136.12, 134.42, 131.98, 130.32, 129.83, 128.67, 128.41, 127.78, 127.60, 79.78, 72.89, 58.55, 49.27, 28.32, 18.41, 18.32. 2 ESIMS m/z 452 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ([M + Na]⁺) 7.26-7.18 (m, 5H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.40-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.10 (m, 2H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.48, 154.95, 138.76, 137.90, 133.44, 130.20, 129.66, 128.67, 128.24, 127.45, 79.72, 72.90, 59.20, 49.29, 28.32, 21.08, 18.57, 18.34. 3 ESIMS m/z 434 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ([M + H]⁺) 7.26-7.16 (m, 7H), 6.93-6.86 (m, 2H), 5.41-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (dt, J = 14.5, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.38 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.17 (s). 4 ESIMS m/z 470 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ [M + Na]⁺) 7.25-7.12 (m, 6H), 6.86 (dd, J = 9.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (td, J = 8.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.44-5.36 (m, 1H), 4.93 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.45-1.38 (m, 12H), 0.95 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.52 (s). 5 ESIMS m/z 456 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ [M + Na]⁺) 7.26-7.17 (m, 7H), 6.94 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.14 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.65 (s). 6 ESIMS m/z 486 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.30 (dd, [M + Na]⁺) J = 7.8, 1.7 Hz, 3H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 3H), 6.62-6.52 (m, 2H), 5.44-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.97 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.24-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.86 (s). 7 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (p, J = 4.7 Hz, film) 3362, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 5H), 7.13 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2977, 1711, C₂₅H₃₃NNaO₄S, 6.96 (s, 1H), 6.85 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 1493, 1450, 466.2023; found, 5.38 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1365, 1162, 466.2025 1H), 4.23-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.04 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1051 cm⁻¹ 1H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 8 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3364, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 7.32-7.22 (m, 8H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 2H), 2977, 1709, C₂₄H₃₁NNaO₄S, 5.34-5.22 (m, 1H), 4.93 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1493, 1451, 452.1866; found, 4.21-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.71 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1365, 1161, 452.1873 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1050 cm⁻¹ 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 9 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.35 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, film) 3364, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 2H), 7.32-7.26 (m, 2H), 2975, 1711, C₂₀H₃₁NNaO₄S, 7.23 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.34-5.21 (m, 1H), 1450, 1162, 404.1866; found, 4.95 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.10 (m, 1053 cm⁻¹ 404.1867 1H), 3.94 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 10 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3361, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 7.42-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.18 (m, 1H), 2958, 1711, C₂₁H₃₃NNaO₄S, 5.37-5.25 (m, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1450, 1365, 418.2023; found 4.20-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.84 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1162, 1093 cm⁻¹ 418.2022 1H), 2.25 (dd, J = 12.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dd, J = 12.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.38 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 11 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.14 (dd, film) 3353, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for J = 8.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J = 9.5, 2979, 1710, C₂₅H₃₁F₂NNaO₄S, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (dtd, J = 24.3, 8.3, 2.7 Hz, 1496, 1366, 502.1834; found, 4H), 5.38-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.89 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1161, 1048 cm⁻¹ 502.1831 1H), 4.28 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.06 (m, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.90 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.90, −115.51. 12 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3363, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 7.27-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.85 (m, 2H), 2979, 1712, C₂₄H₂₉F₂NNaO₄S, 6.89-6.69 (m, 3H), 5.38-5.27 (m, 1H), 1490, 1366, 488.1678; found, 4.91 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1163, 1050 cm⁻¹ 488.1674 1H), 4.22-4.06 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.96 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.52, −115.40. 13 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3363, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 7.33-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 5H), 2978, 1711, C₂₄H₃₀FNNaO₄S, 6.86-6.76 (m, 2H), 5.33 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1496, 1365, 470.1772; found, 4.92 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1162, 1049 cm⁻¹ 470.1769 1H), 4.21-4.08 (m, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.43 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 0.98 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −115.62. 14 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.67 (s, film) 3363, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2979, 1709, C₂₃H₂₈F₃N₂O₄S, 7.43 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.37-7.27 (m, 3H), 1598, 1324, 485.1716; found, 7.20 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.54-5.45 (m, 1163, 1114, 485.1714 1H), 5.39 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1073 cm⁻¹ 1H), 4.30-4.18 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.21. 15 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3363, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 7.30-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.21 (dq, J = 5.1, 3.0, 2.3 Hz, 2978, 1711, C₂₄H₃₁NNaO₄S, 3H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 1511, 1365, 452.1866; found 7.07 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 5.34 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1163, 1051 cm⁻¹ 452.1864 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 16 ESIMS m/z 416 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ([M + H]⁺) 7.29-7.18 (m, 10H), 5.46-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.08 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 17 ESIMS m/z 386.3 ([M + H]⁺) 18 ESIMS m/z 350 ([M + H]⁺) 19 ESIMS m/z 330 ([M + H]⁺) 20 ESIMS m/z 332 ([M − H]−) 21 ESIMS m/z 348 ([M + H]⁺) 22 ESIMS m/z 334 ([M + H]⁺) 23 ESIMS m/z 364 ([M + H]⁺) 24 ESIMS m/z 344.2 ([M + H]⁺) 25 ESIMS m/z 330.2 ([M + H]⁺) 26 ESIMS m/z 282.2 ([M + H]⁺) 27 ESIMS m/z 296.2 ([M + H]⁺) 28 HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₂₀H₂₃F₂NNaO₂S, 402.131; found, 402.1305 29 HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M + Na]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₁F₂NNaO₂S, 388.1153; found, 388.1149 30 HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₃FNO₂S, 348.1428; found, 348.1428 31 ESIMS m/z 385.1 ([M + H]⁺) 32 HRMS-ESI (m/z) [M + H]⁺ calcd for C₁₉H₂₄NO₂S, 330.1522; found, 330.1526 33 ESIMS m/z 316 ([M + H]⁺) 34 ESIMS m/z 286.2 ([M + H]⁺) 35 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.08 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₅H₂₆ClN₂O₅S, 1H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 7H), 501.1245; found, 7.18-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.11 (dd, J = 4.3, 1.7 Hz, 501.1241 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.31, 168.66, 155.38, 148.77, 140.44, 137.95, 136.05, 134.41, 131.96, 130.46, 130.30, 129.85, 128.64, 128.42, 127.81, 127.62, 109.47, 73.29, 58.47, 56.06, 47.92, 18.39, 17.89. 36 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.27-7.18 (m, 6H), 481.1792; found, 7.16 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 481.1791 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.35, 168.61, 155.37, 148.76, 140.42, 138.66, 137.94, 133.46, 130.50, 130.12, 129.67, 128.63, 128.25, 127.48, 109.44, 73.31, 59.14, 56.05, 47.91, 21.09, 18.56, 17.92. 37 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.08 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.37 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (dd, J = 5.2, C₂₅H₂₆FN₂O₅S, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (td, J = 8.5, 5.3 Hz, 485.1541; found, 7H), 6.88 (dd, J = 16.7, 7.1 Hz, 3H), 485.1538. 5.41 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.33, 168.64, 162.72 (d, J = 248.5 Hz), 155.38, 148.77, 140.43, 138.23, 135.90 (d, J = 8.3 Hz), 130.46, 128.64, 128.30, 127.62, 116.08, 115.87, 109.46, 73.01, 59.58, 56.06, 47.90, 18.61, 17.86. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.10 (d, J = 1.1 Hz). 38 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.08 (s, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.36 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₅SNa, 1H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 6H), 521.1517; found, 6.85 (dd, J = 6.9, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 6.73 (td, J = 8.3, 521.1553 2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (dq, J = 12.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H) ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.29, 168.61, 162.59 (d, J = 248.2 Hz), 155.37, 148.77, 144.18 (d, J = 8.3 Hz), 140.41, 138.41, 136.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz), 130.46, 128.49, 128.23, 127.74 (d, J = 3.1 Hz), 127.55, 117.12 (d, J = 21.5 Hz), 113.37 (d, J = 21.4 Hz), 109.45, 73.17, 58.95, 56.05, 47.88, 20.97, 18.72, 17.78. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.45 (s). 39 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.08 (s, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₅H₂₅FN₂O₅SNa, 1H), 7.23 (qd, J = 6.6, 2.3 Hz, 507.1360; found, 7H), 6.94-6.85 (m, 3H), 5.38 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 507.1410 1H), 4.61 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.27 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.28, 168.67, 162.06 (d, J = 246.6 Hz), 155.41, 148.79, 140.44, 134.27 (d, J = 3.2 Hz), 133.47, 133.09, 130.43, 130.26 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 128.94, 127.84, 115.14 (d, J = 21.5 Hz), 109.50, 73.22, 58.00, 56.06, 47.92, 18.49, 17.94. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.52 (s). 40 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (dd, J = 5.2, C₂₆H₂₈FN₂O₆S, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.20 (m, 6H), 515.1647; found, 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.58-6.50 (m, 515.1727. 2H), 5.44 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.24, 168.64, 162.81 (d, J = 246.1 Hz), 157.98 (d, J = 9.7 Hz), 155.39, 148.77, 140.41, 134.50, 132.37, 130.47, 130.28 (d, J = 9.9 Hz), 122.62 (d, J = 3.1 Hz), 128.81, 127.38, 109.47, 106.98 (d, J = 21.2 Hz), 98.81 (d, J = 25.7 Hz), 72.98, 56.05, 55.79, 50.22, 47.95, 18.40, 17.99 ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.73 (s). 41 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.04 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₅H₂₆FN₂O₇S, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J = 8.7, 5.1 Hz, 517.1439; found, 2H), 7.31-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 517.1431 4H), 7.01 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (p, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.86, 168.63, 165.70 (d, J = 257.0 Hz), 155.37, 148.75, 140.45, 134.13 (d, J = 3.2 Hz), 131.63 (d, J = 9.7 Hz), 130.66, 130.41, 130.13, 129.18, 128.58, 116.00 (d, J = 22.6 Hz), 109.48, 75.07, 68.59, 56.07, 47.83, 19.73, 17.58. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −103.10 (s). 42 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.11 (s, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.54 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, C₂₅H₂₆FN₂O₆S, 1H), 7.29 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 501.1490; found, 7.21 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 501.1487. 2H), 7.02 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.91-5.84 (m, 1H), 4.86 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.01, 168.73, 164.42 (d, J = 251.9 Hz), 155.41, 148.81, 140.52, 137.76 (d, J = 3.0 Hz), 130.47, 130.22, 128.94, 128.71, 127.10 (d, J = 8.9 Hz), 115.88 (d, J = 22.5 Hz), 109.52, 77.66, 69.36, 56.08, 47.95, 18.25, 18.18. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −108.07 (s). 43 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.07 (s, film) 3369, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2937, 1742, C₂₇H₃₁N₂O₇S, 1H), 7.44 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1649, 1529, 527.1846; found 7.25-7.15 (m, 5H), 7.00-6.96 (m, 1154, 1135 cm⁻¹ 527.1836 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.03 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.47 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 44 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (s, film) 3368, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2937, 1736, C₂₇H₃₁N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 3.1 Hz, 5H), 1648, 1527, 495.1948; found, 7.14 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 1450, 1262 cm⁻¹ 495.1954 6.87-6.82 (m, 2H), 5.43 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 45 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.09 (s, film) 3368, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2981, 1737, C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.32-7.22 (m, 8H), 1649, 1528, 481.1792; found, 7.22-7.17 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1451, 1263 cm⁻¹ 481.1785 5.39-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.54 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.74 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 46 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (s, film) 3368, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.37 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2963, 1737, C₂₂H₂₉N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 1649, 1528, 433.1792; found, 7.31-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.20 (m, 1H), 1452, 1263 cm⁻¹ 433.1784 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.38-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.56 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.61 (hept, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 47 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (s, film) 3367, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.37 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2956, 1738, C₂₃H₃₁N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 5H), 1649, 1528, 447.1948; found, 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.39-5.30 (m, 1H), 1451, 1263 cm⁻¹ 447.1953 4.55 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.86 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (dd, J = 12.4, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dd, J = 12.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 48 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.06 (s, film) 3366, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.43-8.37 (m, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2983, 1742, C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₇S, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 2H), 1649, 1530, 513.169; found, 7.42 (q, J = 5.3 Hz, 3H), 7.39-7.33 (m, 3H), 1494, 1454, 513.1682 7.26-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1312, 1122 cm⁻¹ 1H), 6.02-5.91 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.03 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 49 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.04 (s, film) 3372, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2981, 1738, C₂₇H₂₉F₂N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 1H), 1649, 1576, 531.176; found, 7.14 (dd, J = 8.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89-6.83 (m, 1529, 1479, 531.1752 2H), 6.82-6.67 (m, 3H), 1451, 1242, 5.43-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.53 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1153 cm⁻¹ 4.30 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.50 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.83, −115.36. 50 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.04 (s, film) 3369, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2983, 1738, C₂₆H₂₇F₂N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.24-7.15 (m, 3H), 1649, 1528, 517.1603; found, 6.90 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1489, 1481, 517.1596 1H), 6.82-6.68 (m, 2H), 1451, 1241, 5.42-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.56 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 1154 cm⁻¹ 4.37 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.18 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.46, −115.25. 51 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.05 (s, film) 3369, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.34 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2981, 1737, C₂₆H₂₈FN₂O₅S, 1H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 1H), 1648, 1528, 499.1697; found, 7.25-7.18 (m, 5H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1480, 1263, 499.1689 6.82-6.72 (m, 2H), 5.43-5.33 (m, 1153 cm⁻¹ 1H), 4.59-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.45 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −115.47. 52 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.11 (s, film) 3371, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.69-8.64 (m, 1H), 8.42 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2938, 1739, C₂₅H₂₄F₃N₃O₅S, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1649, 1528, 536.1462; found, 7.63 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1325, 1114 cm⁻¹ 536.1459 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 1.35 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.19. 53 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.11 (s, film) 3367, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.41 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 2980, 1736, C₂₆H₂₉N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 2H), 1648, 1575, 481.1792; found, 7.23-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 1527, 1479, 481.1786 7.04 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1437, 1262, 1H), 5.39 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1183, 1149 cm⁻¹ 4.61 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 54 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.10 (d, [M + H]⁺ calcd for J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, C₂₅H₂₇N₂O₅S, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 467.1640; found, 7.34-7.13 (m, 10H), 6.85 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 467.1632 5.53-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.59 (dq, J = 8.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.48, 168.71, 155.42, 148.82, 140.49, 140.09, 137.01, 133.42, 132.01, 130.50, 128.92, 128.17, 127.77, 127.52, 127.47, 127.47, 127.45, 126.76, 125.84, 125.25, 109.48, 74.05, 56.08, 53.02, 48.09, 38.61, 18.46, 18.08. 55 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.87 (s, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₄S₂Na, 7.22-7.13 (m, 6H), 6.89-6.83 (m, 2H), 537.1288; found, 6.73 (td, J = 8.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.53-5.42 (m, 537.1299 1H), 4.98-4.86 (m, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.47 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.43. 56 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.87 (s, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), C₂₅H₂₅FN₂O₄S₂Na, 7.26-7.18 (m, 7H), 6.91 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 523.1132; found, 6.88-6.83 (m, 1H), 5.41 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 523.1154 1H), 5.01-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.49. 57 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.89 (s, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 10.61 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₅S₂Na, 7.32-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.18 (m, 3H), 553.1238; found, 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.69-6.42 (m, 2H), 5.47 (p, J = 6.5 Hz, 553.1251 1H), 5.02-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.75 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.57 (s, 1H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.72. 58 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 12.06 (d, [M + H]⁺ calcd for J = 27.0 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (dd, J = 20.0, 8.0 Hz, C₂₀H₂₅N₂O₇S, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J = 14.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 437.1377; found, 7.51 (dt, J = 8.4, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 437.1367. 7.47-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J = 13.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 6.07-5.97 (m, 1H), 4.76-4.56 (m, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J = 15.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 3H), 2.64 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (dd, J = 6.7, 5.6 Hz, 3H), 1.31 (dd, J = 48.9, 6.8 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃, 1:1 diasteromeric mixture) δ 170.78, 170.53, 168.65, 168.62, 155.38, 155.37, 148.78, 148.73, 140.52, 130.65, 130.53, 130.37, 130.33, 130.26, 130.07, 129.63, 129.55, 129.20, 129.02, 128.89, 109.50, 73.49, 73.20, 68.63, 68.45, 56.12, 56.10, 47.87, 47.75, 46.31, 46.28, 40.53, 40.34, 26.45, 26.39, 19.55, 18.98, 17.79, 17.56, 1.91. 59 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.46 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), C₂₈H₃₀FN₂O₇S, 7.32-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.25-7.19 (m, 3H), 557.1752; found, 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59-6.52 (m, 557.1769. 2H), 5.46-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (dt, J = 8.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.82, 168.86, 162.81 (d, J = 246.1 Hz), 162.31, 159.46, 157.98 (d, J = 9.9 Hz), 146.62, 141.56, 137.51, 134.59, 132.37, 130.35 (d, J = 10.3 Hz), 128.80, 127.35, 122.70 (d, J = 3.7 Hz), 109.74, 107.01 (d, J = 21.3 Hz), 98.80 (d, J = 25.7 Hz), 72.76, 56.27, 55.79, 47.93, 29.29, 20.72, 18.44, 18.40. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.87 (s). 60 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (dd, J = 5.4, 0.8 Hz, C₂₈H₃₀FN₂O₆S, 1H), 7.24-7.14 (m, 6H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 541.1803; found, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J = 9.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 541.1914. 6.73 (td, J = 8.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.46-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.62-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.88, 168.85, 162.58 (d, J = 248.0 Hz), 162.32, 159.46, 146.64, 144.16 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 141.54, 138.47, 137.51, 136.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz), 128.55, 128.24, 127.85 (d, J = 2.9 Hz), 127.54, 117.12 (d, J = 21.3 Hz), 113.36 (d, J = 21.3 Hz), 109.75, 72.95, 58.98, 56.27, 47.89, 21.01 (d, J = 1.4 Hz), 20.72, 18.71, 18.16. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.57 (s). 61 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₈FN₂O₆S, 7.26-7.19 (m, 7H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 527.1647; found, 1H), 6.95-6.88 (m, 2H), 5.36 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 527.1700. 1H), 4.66-4.57 (m, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.86, 168.86, 162.34, 162.06 (d, J = 246.5 Hz), 159.48, 146.63, 141.49, 137.53, 134.34 (d, J = 3.3 Hz), 133.57, 133.08, 130.31 (d, J = 8.1 Hz), 128.93, 127.80, 115.14 (d, J = 21.3 Hz), 109.78, 72.98, 58.05, 56.28, 47.90, 20.73, 18.50, 18.33. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.65 (s). 62 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₈FN₂O₇S, 7.30 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 543.1596; found, 2H), 7.14 (dd, J = 8.3, 5.2 Hz, 2H), 543.1588 7.02 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 3H), 6.96 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.89-5.82 (m, 1H), 4.87 (p, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.65 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.58 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.58, 168.84, 164.38 (d, J = 251.7 Hz), 162.43, 159.49, 146.70, 141.46, 137.84 (d, J = 3.3 Hz), 137.57, 130.53, 130.24, 128.90, 128.68, 127.11 (d, J = 8.9 Hz), 115.84 (d, J = 22.4 Hz), 109.82, 77.75, 69.07, 56.29, 47.98, 20.71, 18.68, 18.15. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −108.18 (s). 63 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.45 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₈FN₂O₆S, 7.26-7.17 (m, 7H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 527.1647; found, 1H), 6.89 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.39 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 527.1638. 1H), 4.60 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.15 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.89, 168.83, 162.70 (d, J = 248.5 Hz), 162.34, 159.46, 146.63, 141.54, 138.29, 137.51, 135.86 (d, J = 8.3 Hz), 128.70, 128.28, 115.95 (d, J = 21.8 Hz), 109.76, 72.78, 59.62, 56.26, 47.92, 20.70, 18.56, 18.22. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −113.20 (s). 64 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.46 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.33 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₈FN₂O₈S, 7.51 (dd, J = 8.8, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 559.1545; found, 7.31-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 4H), 559.1541 7.01 (dd, J = 9.8, 7.1 Hz, 3H), 6.05 (p, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.43, 168.84, 165.69 (d, J = 256.8 Hz), 162.36, 159.46, 146.65, 141.47, 137.51, 134.19 (d, J = 3.0 Hz), 131.64 (d, J = 9.6 Hz), 130.71, 130.19, 129.15, 128.57, 115.99 (d, J = 22.6 Hz), 109.78, 75.12, 68.39, 56.28, 47.83, 20.70, 19.75, 17.90. ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −103.21 (s). 65 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.45 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₈ClN₂O₆S, 7.30-7.22 (m, 6H), 7.18-7.10 (m, 3H), 543.1351; found, 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 543.1344. 1H), 4.61 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.88, 168.83, 162.36, 159.46, 146.63, 141.53, 138.02, 137.52, 136.18, 134.40, 131.93, 130.28, 129.83, 128.70, 128.40, 127.77, 127.56, 109.76, 73.06, 58.50, 56.26, 47.93, 20.71, 18.37, 18.25. 66 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.46 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₆S, 7.26-7.19 (m, 5H), 7.17 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 523.1897; found, 2H), 7.00 (dd, J = 13.3, 6.7 Hz, 3H), 523.1894. 5.38 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.92, 168.84, 162.33, 159.45, 146.63, 141.57, 138.72, 137.87, 137.50, 133.43, 130.24, 129.66, 128.69, 128.24, 127.45, 109.74, 73.07, 59.18, 56.26, 47.93, 21.08, 20.71, 18.54, 18.28. 67 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.45 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, film) 1770, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1737, 1676, C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₆S, 7.24-7.18 (m, 5H), 7.14 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1507, 1197, 537.2054; found, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1174 cm⁻¹ 537.2053 1H), 6.88-6.82 (m, 1H), 5.40 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 68 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.42 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, film) 3379, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2982, 1769, C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₆S, 7.32-7.18 (m, 10H), 6.98 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1737, 1675, 523.1897; found, 1H), 5.36-5.23 (m, 1H), 4.55 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1508, 1197, 523.1891 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.73 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1174 cm⁻¹ 1H), 3.58 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (d, J = 13.5 Hz, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 69 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.43 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, film) 3380, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2956, 1770, C₂₅H₃₃N₂O₆S, 7.36-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 1737, 1676, 489.2054; found, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1508, 1197, 489.2048 5.37-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.56 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1174 cm⁻¹ 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.86 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.26 (dd, J = 12.4, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dd, J = 12.4, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 70 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.43 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, film) 3378, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2960, 1769, C₂₄H₃₁N₂O₆S, 7.38-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 1736, 1507, 475.1897; found, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1194, 475.1891 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.37-5.24 (m, 1H), 1173 cm⁻¹ 4.56 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.61 (hept, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.09 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 71 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3374, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.71-8.63 (m, 1H), 8.49 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2983, 1770, C₂₇H₂₇F₃N₃O₆S, 8.32 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J = 8.5, 1739, 1675, 578.1567; found, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 2H), 1597, 1508, 578.1562 7.32-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1325, 1115 cm⁻¹ 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (p, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.32 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −62.19. 72 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3372, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.52-8.43 (m, 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2937, 1767, C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₈S, 7.54-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42 (q, J = 5.5 Hz, 1742, 1674, 555.1796; found, 3H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 3H), 1509, 1311, 555.1788 7.26-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1199, 1174 cm⁻¹ 5.95 (p, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (p, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.31 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H). 73 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.64 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, film) 3379, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2983, 1769, C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₇S, 7.82 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1743, 1675, 553.2003; found, 1H), 7.21-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.06 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1508, 1193, 553.1997 2H), 7.01 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1174 cm⁻¹ 6.70 (s, 1H), 5.96-5.86 (m, 1H), 4.89 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.78 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 1.58 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 74 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.57 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, film) 3379, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2981, 1768, C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₇S, 7.45-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.33 (dq, J = 6.3, 1743, 1675, 539.1846; found, 3.7, 2.9 Hz, 5H), 7.15 (dd, J = 6.5, 2.9 Hz, 1508, 1194, 539.1813 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1174, 1043 cm⁻¹ 5.70-5.61 (m, 1H), 4.78 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.80 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J = 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.52 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H). 75 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.41 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, film) 3381, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2982, 1770, C₂₈H₂₉F₂N₂O₆S, 7.26-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 1738, 1676, 559.1709; found, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1507, 1490, 559.1703 6.92-6.86 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.70 (m, 2H), 1198, 1174 cm⁻¹ 5.39-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.57 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.56, −115.39. 76 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3385, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.45-8.35 (m, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2982, 1770, C₂₉H₃₁F₂N₂O₆S, 7.27-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J = 8.5, 1738, 1677, 573.1865; found, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1507, 1199, 573.1856 6.86 (dd, J = 9.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1175, 1153 cm⁻¹ 6.82-6.70 (m, 3H), 5.42-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.53 (h, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.48 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −112.93, −115.49. 77 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.48 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, film) 3378, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2982, 1769, C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₆S, 7.30-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1737, 1675, 523.1897; found, 3H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.05 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1508, 1195, 523.1891 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1173 cm⁻¹ 5.36 (p, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 78 IR (thin HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ film) 3379, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.45-8.38 (m, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2982, 1770, C₂₈H₃₀FN₂O₆S, 7.30 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 1738, 1676, 541.1803; found, 7.26-7.19 (m, 5H), 6.99 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1507, 1197, 541.1795 6.84-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.40-5.31 (m, 1174 cm⁻¹ 1H), 4.57 (p, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 1.42 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.11 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −115.60. 79 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.33 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.25 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₃₀H₃₅N₂O₇S, 7.38-7.09 (m, 10H), 6.92 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 567.2165; found, 1H), 5.85-5.67 (m, 2H), 567.2167 5.49-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.53 (hept, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 176.20, 172.02, 162.90, 160.25, 145.55, 144.20, 142.09, 138.59, 134.02, 132.80, 128.87, 128.67, 128.30, 127.58, 127.52, 109.53, 89.89, 73.12, 58.75, 56.13, 48.12, 33.84, 18.67, 18.48, 18.09. 80 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.30-8.22 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.16 (m, 10H), C₂₈H₃₁N₂O₇S, 6.93 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.72 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 539.1852; found, 2H), 5.48-5.35 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.55 (m, 539.1850 1H), 4.24 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.38 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.02, 170.25, 162.92, 160.26, 145.69, 143.97, 142.45, 138.59, 134.02, 132.81, 128.87, 128.67, 128.30, 127.59, 127.53, 109.58, 89.52, 73.13, 58.75, 56.18, 48.13, 20.87, 18.49, 18.09. 81 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ [M + H]⁺ calcd for 8.45-8.36 (m, 1H), 8.29 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₉H₃₃N₂O₆S, 7.32-7.15 (m, 10H), 6.95 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 537.2059; found, 1H), 5.47-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.61 (dq, J = 8.3, 537.2063 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 2.93 (hept, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.30 (m, 9H), 1.17 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.67, 172.02, 162.33, 159.41, 146.57, 141.88, 138.56, 137.64, 134.06, 132.81, 128.88, 128.70, 128.30, 127.59, 127.55, 109.62, 73.10, 58.75, 56.28, 47.89, 33.95, 18.82, 18.48, 18.35. 82 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.46 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₉N₂O₆S, 7.30-7.15 (m, 10H), 6.97 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 509.1746; found, 1H), 5.47-5.34 (m, 1H), 4.59 (dt, J = 8.2, 509.1749 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.17 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.92, 168.88, 162.34, 159.43, 146.66, 141.49, 138.54, 137.48, 134.04, 132.81, 128.88, 128.69, 128.31, 127.59, 127.55, 109.78, 73.16, 58.73, 56.28, 47.92, 20.75, 18.48, 18.30. 83 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.80 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), C₂₈H₃₀FN₂O₅S₂, 7.24-7.13 (m, 6H), 6.98 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 557.1675; found, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J = 9.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 557.1674 6.73 (td, J = 8.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (dq, J = 7.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.14 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.62-−118.79 (m). 84 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.83 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, [M + H]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), C₂₈H₃₀FN₂O₆S₂, 7.34-7.15 (m, 6H), 6.98 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 573.1524; found, 1H), 6.61-6.51 (m, 2H), 5.47 (dq, J = 7.4, 573.163 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.10-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −111.73-−111.85 (m). 85 HRMS-ESI (m/z) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.82 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, [M + Na]⁺ calcd for 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), C₂₇H₂₇FN₂O₅S₂Na, 7.26-7.19 (m, 7H), 6.98 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 565.1238; found, 1H), 6.93 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 565.1273 5.45-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.12-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃) δ −114.51-−114.73 (m). *Cmpd. No.—Compound Number

TABLE 3 Biological Testing Rating Scale Rating Table for Fungal Pathogens % Control Rating  >80 A ≤80 B Not Tested C  ≤0 D

TABLE 4 Biological Activity - PUCCRT and SEPTTR Disease Control in High and Low Volume Applications HV activity at 100 ppm LV activity at 121.5 g/H Cmpd. PUCCRT* SEPTTR* PUCCRT* SEPTTR* No. 1DP* 3DC* 1DP* 3DC* 1DP* 3DC* 1DP* 3DC* 35 A A B B C C C C 36 A A B B C C C C 37 B B D B C C C C 38 A A A A C C C C 39 A A A A C C C C 40 A A A A C C C C 41 D D B B C C C C 42 D D D B C C C C 44 A B A B C C C C 45 B B D B C C C C 46 B B D A C C C C 47 B B D A C C C C 48 D D B B C C C C 49 A B A A C C C C 51 A B A A C C C C 52 B B D B C C C C 53 A A A A C C C C 54 A B B A C C C C 55 A D A B C C C C 56 A A A A C C C C 57 A D B A C C C C 59 C C C C A B B B 60 C C C C A B A D 61 C C C C A B B D 62 C C C C D D B B 64 C C C C B D B B 65 C C C C A B A D 66 C C C C B B A B 67 C C C C A B A A 68 C C C C A A A B 69 C C C C A B B D 70 C C C C A B B A 71 C C C C D B B B 72 C C C C D D B D 73 C C C C D D B D 74 C C C C D D D D 75 C C C C B D A A 76 C C C C B D A A 77 C C C C A B A B 78 C C C C B D A A 79 C C C C A B A A 80 C C C C A B B B 81 C C C C B B B B 82 C C C C A B B B 83 C C C C B D B D 84 C C C C B B A D 85 C C C C B D B D *Cmpd. No.—Compound Number *PUCCRT—Wheat Brown Rust (Puccinia triticina) *SEPTTR—Wheat Leaf Blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici) *1DP—1 Day Protectant *3DC—3 Day Curative *ppm—Parts Per Million

TABLE 5 Biological Activity - High Volume Disease Control at 25 ppm PHAKPA* Cmpd. No. 1DP* 3DC* 62 D D 64 D B 65 B B 66 B B 67 B D 68 A B 69 A B 70 A B 71 B B 76 B B 77 B B 78 B D 79 B B 80 B B 81 B B 82 B B 84 B D 85 B D *Cmpd. No.—Compound Number *PHAKPA—Asian Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) *1DP—1 Day Protectant *3DC—3 Day Curative 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula I

wherein X is hydrogen or C(O)R₅; Y is hydrogen, C(O)R₅, or Q; Q is

wherein W═O or S R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈, alternatively, R₁ and R₁₁ may be taken together to form a 3-6 membered saturated or partially saturated carbocycle or heterocycle, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈; R₂ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or methyl; R₃ is aryl or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈; Z is S(O)_(n), wherein n=0, 1, or 2; R₄ is alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or acyl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈; R₅ is alkoxy or benzyloxy, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈; R₆ is hydrogen, alkoxy, or halo, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈; R₇ is hydrogen, C(O)R₉, or —CH₂OC(O)R₉; R₈ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, halo, alkenyl, alkoxy, or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₁₀; R₉ is alkyl, alkoxy, or aryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1, or multiple R₈; and R₁₀ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, halo, alkenyl, alkoxy, or heterocyclyl.
 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X and Y are hydrogen.
 3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
 4. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₂ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or methyl.
 5. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 6. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 7. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl, R₂ and R₁₂ are independently chosen from hydrogen or methyl, R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈, and R₄ is chosen from alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 8. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X is C(O)R₅ and Y is hydrogen.
 9. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
 10. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R₂ and Rig are independently hydrogen or methyl.
 11. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 12. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 13. A compound according to claim 8, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl, R₂ and R₁₂ are independently chosen from hydrogen or methyl, R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈, and R₄ is chosen from alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 14. A compound according to claim 1, wherein X is hydrogen and Y is Q.
 15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein R₇ is hydrogen.
 16. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R₆ is alkoxy.
 17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein W is O or S.
 18. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
 19. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R₂ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or methyl.
 20. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 21. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 22. A compound according to claim 17, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl, R₂ and R₁₂ are independently hydrogen or methyl, R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈; and R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 23. A compound according to claim 15, wherein R₇ is —C(O)R₉ or —CH₂OC(O)R₉.
 24. A compound according to claim 23, wherein R₆ is alkoxy.
 25. A compound according to claim 24, wherein W is O or S.
 26. A compound according to claim 25, wherein R₉ is alkyl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 27. A compound according to claim 26, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are hydrogen or alkyl.
 28. A compound according to claim 26, wherein R₂ and R₁₂ are hydrogen or methyl.
 29. A compound according to claim 26, wherein R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 30. A compound according to claim 26, wherein R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 31. A compound according to claim 26, wherein R₁ and R₁₁ are independently hydrogen or alkyl, R₂ and R₁₂ are independently chosen from hydrogen or methyl, R₃ is aryl, optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈; and R₄ is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with 0, 1 or multiple R₈.
 32. A compound according to claim 31, wherein R₉ is —CH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH₂OCH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, or -cyclopropyl. 